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The Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty which was concluded between Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II and Hittite King Hattusili III. According to most Egyptologists it was concluded in or around 1259 BC,〔Bryce, Trevor. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, USA, 1999 page 256〕〔Klengel, Horst, "From War to Eternal Peace: Ramesses II and Khattushili III," Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 37 (September 2002), page 52〕 marking the official end of negotiations and Ramesses II's acceptance from Hittite diplomats of a silver tablet on which the terms were inscribed. The location where the treaty was signed is uncertain. Its purpose was to establish and maintain peaceful relations between the parties. It was the first known diplomatic agreement from the Near East,〔Barker, Craig J. ''International Law and International Relations''. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0-8264-5028-8, p. 2.〕〔''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie''. Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1999, p. 149.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Peace Treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III )〕 and it is the oldest written treaty to survive to-date (though not the oldest known treaty).〔Fitzgerald, Stephanie. ''Ramses II: Egyptian Pharaoh, Warrior, and Builder'', p. 64. Compass Point Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7565-3836-1〕 Sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh, after the Battle of Kadesh fought some sixteen years earlier, the treaty itself did not bring about a peace; in fact "an atmosphere of enmity between Hatti and Egypt lasted many years," until the eventual treaty of alliance was signed.〔Klengel, 51.〕 In Egypt it was inscribed on the walls of temples in hieroglyphics, while in the Hittite capital of Hattusa (in present day Turkey) it was preserved on baked clay tablets. Archaeological excavations at the Hittite royal palace uncovered it among the palace's sizable archives. The Egyptian version of the peace treaty was engraved on the walls of Pharaoh Ramesses II's mortuary temple in Thebes. Translation of the text revealed that this engraving was originally translated from the silver tablet given to Ramesses II, but had since been lost to contemporary historians. The scribes who engraved the Egyptian version of the treaty included descriptions of the figures and seals that were on the tablet that the Hittites delivered.〔Breasted, James. Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest Volume III The Nineteenth Dynasty. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1906 page 173〕 Two of the tablets are today displayed at the Museum of the Ancient Orient, part of the Istanbul Archaeology Museums. The third is on display in the Berlin State Museums in Germany.〔"Kadesh Treaty". Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul〕 A copy of this treaty is prominently displayed on a wall in the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. ==Background== The treaty was signed to end a long war between the Hittite Empire and the Egyptians, who had fought for over two centuries to gain mastery over the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. The conflict culminated with an attempted Egyptian invasion in 1274 BC that was stopped by the Hittites at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River in what is now Syria. The Battle of Kadesh resulted in both sides suffering heavy casualties, but neither was able to prevail decisively in either the battle or the war. The conflict continued inconclusively for about fifteen more years before the treaty was signed. Although it is often referred to as the "Treaty of Kadesh", it was actually signed long after the battle and Kadesh is not mentioned in the text. The treaty is thought to have been negotiated by intermediaries without the two monarchs ever meeting in person.〔Bederman, David J. ''International law in antiquity'', pp. 147-150. Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-521-79197-7〕 Both sides had common interests in making peace; Egypt faced a growing threat from the "Sea Peoples", while the Hittites were concerned about the rising power of Assyria to the east. The treaty was ratified in the 21st year of Ramses II's reign (1258 BC) and continued in force until the Hittite Empire collapsed eighty years later.〔Burney, p. 233〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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